See -anaz on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*-an"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*-in"
},
{
"lang": "Gothic",
"lang_code": "got",
"roman": "-ns",
"word": "-𐌽𐍃"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "-inn"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "-in"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "-en"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "-in"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"word": "-en"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "-inn"
},
{
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "-ann"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Norse",
"lang_code": "gmq-pro",
"roman": "*-anaʀ",
"word": "*-ᚨᚾᚨᛉ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "-inn"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "-in"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "-en"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "-in"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"word": "-en"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "-inn"
},
{
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "-ann"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Norse",
"lang_code": "gmq-pro",
"roman": "-inaʀ",
"word": "-ᛁᚾᚨᛉ"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ō",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ô",
"3": "*-az",
"id1": "agent noun"
},
"expansion": "*-ô + *-az",
"name": "suf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rebracketed"
},
"expansion": "rebracketed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "-अन"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit -अन (-ana)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*-anъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-anъ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "-न",
"tr": "-ná"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit -न (-ná)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*-nъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-nъ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "बुध्न"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit बुध्न (budhna)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fundus"
},
"expansion": "Latin fundus",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*buttaz",
"id": "end"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *buttaz",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "-अन"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit -अन (-ana)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ō",
"id": "noun"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ō",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-ō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ō",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ō",
"id": "noun"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ō",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "synchronically"
},
"expansion": "synchronically",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a confluence of two sources:\n* Extracted from thematicized on-stems, with their suffix from Proto-Indo-European *-ō + *-os, equivalent to Proto-Germanic *-ô + *-az.\n* From Proto-Indo-European verbal adjectives in *-nós, rebracketed to include the thematic *-o- vowel found on many stems, and presumably with loss of the zero-grade-triggering ablaut pattern. Compare the development of *-þaz, used for weak verbs, and the infinitive suffix *-aną.\nBoth formally reflect pre-Germanic or late PIE *-onos. Cognate with Sanskrit -अन (-ana) and Proto-Slavic *-anъ.\nThese on-stems in late PIE had increasing use both as (past) participles (compare Sanskrit -न (-ná), Proto-Slavic *-nъ (e.g. *danъ (“given”)), and again the Germanic infinitive suffix), following the trend of other n-stems which in descendants were furthermore conflated with the older nt-participles (whence *-andz) and mn-deverbals (especially as *-(m̥)nós, as in the sound change from *bʰudʰ-m̥n-ó/és to *bʰudʰnós > Sanskrit बुध्न (budhna), Latin fundus, Proto-Germanic *buttaz), and as deverbal agent nouns (meaning “the one who does [verb]”, also deriving some occupational titles and names; compare Sanskrit -अन (-ana), Latin -ō). The latter use likely underwent semantic narrowing on the way to Proto-Germanic as the internal morphology of *-anaz became fossilized and contradistinguished from *-ô. On the other hand, these semantics may be related to a secondary augmentative use of Proto-Indo-European *-ō as seen in Latin -ō, and therefore have been synchronically understood in early Germanic as an enlargement of *-az (“-er”) with this function, leading to its specialization for rulers and similar prestige titles.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-anaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-anōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-an",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-anōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-anōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-aną",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ananz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-anas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-anai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-anō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "*-naz",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-anaz",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-anaz",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-aną"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-inaz"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-naz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"-ruler (attached to various words to create a term meaning ”one who leads X”)."
],
"id": "en--anaz-gem-pro-suffix-TCYEsHr5",
"links": [
[
"ruler",
"ruler"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages linking to anchors not found in Appendix:Glossary",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "14 86",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 90",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the past participle of strong verbs."
],
"id": "en--anaz-gem-pro-suffix-dLQ5yeDy",
"links": [
[
"past",
"Appendix:Glossary#past"
],
[
"participle",
"Appendix:Glossary#participle"
],
[
"strong verbs",
"Appendix:Glossary#strong_verbs"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɑ.nɑz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Proto-Germanic language#Pre-Proto-Germanic (Pre-PGmc)"
],
"word": "-anaz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic suffixes"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*-an"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*-in"
},
{
"lang": "Gothic",
"lang_code": "got",
"roman": "-ns",
"word": "-𐌽𐍃"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "-inn"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "-in"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "-en"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "-in"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"word": "-en"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "-inn"
},
{
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "-ann"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Norse",
"lang_code": "gmq-pro",
"roman": "*-anaʀ",
"word": "*-ᚨᚾᚨᛉ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"word": "-inn"
},
{
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"word": "-in"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "-en"
}
],
"lang": "Old Swedish",
"lang_code": "gmq-osw",
"word": "-in"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"word": "-en"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "-inn"
},
{
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"word": "-ann"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Norse",
"lang_code": "gmq-pro",
"roman": "-inaʀ",
"word": "-ᛁᚾᚨᛉ"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ō",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ô",
"3": "*-az",
"id1": "agent noun"
},
"expansion": "*-ô + *-az",
"name": "suf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rebracketed"
},
"expansion": "rebracketed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "-अन"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit -अन (-ana)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*-anъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-anъ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "-न",
"tr": "-ná"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit -न (-ná)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*-nъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-nъ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "बुध्न"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit बुध्न (budhna)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fundus"
},
"expansion": "Latin fundus",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*buttaz",
"id": "end"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *buttaz",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "-अन"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit -अन (-ana)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ō",
"id": "noun"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ō",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-ō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ō",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ō",
"id": "noun"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ō",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "synchronically"
},
"expansion": "synchronically",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a confluence of two sources:\n* Extracted from thematicized on-stems, with their suffix from Proto-Indo-European *-ō + *-os, equivalent to Proto-Germanic *-ô + *-az.\n* From Proto-Indo-European verbal adjectives in *-nós, rebracketed to include the thematic *-o- vowel found on many stems, and presumably with loss of the zero-grade-triggering ablaut pattern. Compare the development of *-þaz, used for weak verbs, and the infinitive suffix *-aną.\nBoth formally reflect pre-Germanic or late PIE *-onos. Cognate with Sanskrit -अन (-ana) and Proto-Slavic *-anъ.\nThese on-stems in late PIE had increasing use both as (past) participles (compare Sanskrit -न (-ná), Proto-Slavic *-nъ (e.g. *danъ (“given”)), and again the Germanic infinitive suffix), following the trend of other n-stems which in descendants were furthermore conflated with the older nt-participles (whence *-andz) and mn-deverbals (especially as *-(m̥)nós, as in the sound change from *bʰudʰ-m̥n-ó/és to *bʰudʰnós > Sanskrit बुध्न (budhna), Latin fundus, Proto-Germanic *buttaz), and as deverbal agent nouns (meaning “the one who does [verb]”, also deriving some occupational titles and names; compare Sanskrit -अन (-ana), Latin -ō). The latter use likely underwent semantic narrowing on the way to Proto-Germanic as the internal morphology of *-anaz became fossilized and contradistinguished from *-ô. On the other hand, these semantics may be related to a secondary augmentative use of Proto-Indo-European *-ō as seen in Latin -ō, and therefore have been synchronically understood in early Germanic as an enlargement of *-az (“-er”) with this function, leading to its specialization for rulers and similar prestige titles.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-anaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-anōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-an",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-anōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-anōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-aną",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ananz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-anas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-anai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-anō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "*-naz",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-anaz",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-anaz",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-aną"
},
{
"word": "-inaz"
},
{
"word": "-naz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"-ruler (attached to various words to create a term meaning ”one who leads X”)."
],
"links": [
[
"ruler",
"ruler"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Pages linking to anchors not found in Appendix:Glossary"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the past participle of strong verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"past",
"Appendix:Glossary#past"
],
[
"participle",
"Appendix:Glossary#participle"
],
[
"strong verbs",
"Appendix:Glossary#strong_verbs"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɑ.nɑz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Proto-Germanic language#Pre-Proto-Germanic (Pre-PGmc)"
],
"word": "-anaz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -anaz meaning in All languages combined (7.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.